@article{anomaly_detection_survey, author = {Chandola, Varun and Banerjee, Arindam and Kumar, Vipin}, title = {Anomaly detection: A survey}, year = {2009}, issue_date = {July 2009}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, volume = {41}, number = {3}, issn = {0360-0300}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1541880.1541882}, doi = {10.1145/1541880.1541882}, abstract = {Anomaly detection is an important problem that has been researched within diverse research areas and application domains. Many anomaly detection techniques have been specifically developed for certain application domains, while others are more generic. This survey tries to provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the research on anomaly detection. We have grouped existing techniques into different categories based on the underlying approach adopted by each technique. For each category we have identified key assumptions, which are used by the techniques to differentiate between normal and anomalous behavior. When applying a given technique to a particular domain, these assumptions can be used as guidelines to assess the effectiveness of the technique in that domain. For each category, we provide a basic anomaly detection technique, and then show how the different existing techniques in that category are variants of the basic technique. This template provides an easier and more succinct understanding of the techniques belonging to each category. Further, for each category, we identify the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques in that category. We also provide a discussion on the computational complexity of the techniques since it is an important issue in real application domains. We hope that this survey will provide a better understanding of the different directions in which research has been done on this topic, and how techniques developed in one area can be applied in domains for which they were not intended to begin with.}, journal = {ACM Comput. Surv.}, month = jul, articleno = {15}, numpages = {58}, keywords = {outlier detection, Anomaly detection}, }, dataset{alexander_kyuroson_2023_7913307, author = {Alexander Kyuroson and Niklas Dahlquist and Nikolaos Stathoulopoulos and Vignesh Kottayam Viswanathan and Anton Koval and George Nikolakopoulos}, title = {Multimodal Dataset from Harsh Sub-Terranean Environment with Aerosol Particles for Frontier Exploration }, month = may, year = 2023, publisher = {Zenodo}, version = {v1}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.7913307}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7913307}, }, @article{deepsad, author = {Lukas Ruff and Robert A. Vandermeulen and Nico G{\"{o}}rnitz and Alexander Binder and Emmanuel M{\"{u}}ller and Klaus{-}Robert M{\"{u} }ller and Marius Kloft}, title = {Deep Semi-Supervised Anomaly Detection}, journal = {CoRR}, volume = {abs/1906.02694}, year = {2019}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02694}, eprinttype = {arXiv}, eprint = {1906.02694}, timestamp = {Thu, 13 Jun 2019 13:36:00 +0200}, biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1906-02694.bib}, bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}, }, @inproceedings{subter, title = {Multimodal Dataset from Harsh Sub-Terranean Environment with Aerosol Particles for Frontier Exploration}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MED59994.2023.10185906}, DOI = {10.1109/med59994.2023.10185906}, booktitle = {2023 31st Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED)}, publisher = {IEEE}, author = {Kyuroson, Alexander and Dahlquist, Niklas and Stathoulopoulos, Nikolaos and Viswanathan, Vignesh Kottayam and Koval, Anton and Nikolakopoulos, George}, year = {2023}, month = jun, pages = {716–721}, } , @inproceedings{deep_svdd, title = {Deep One-Class Classification}, author = {Ruff, Lukas and Vandermeulen, Robert and Goernitz, Nico and Deecke, Lucas and Siddiqui, Shoaib Ahmed and Binder, Alexander and M{\"u}ller , Emmanuel and Kloft, Marius}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning}, pages = {4393--4402}, year = {2018}, editor = {Dy, Jennifer and Krause, Andreas}, volume = {80}, series = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research}, month = {10--15 Jul}, publisher = {PMLR}, pdf = {http://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/ruff18a/ruff18a.pdf}, url = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/ruff18a.html}, abstract = {Despite the great advances made by deep learning in many machine learning problems, there is a relative dearth of deep learning approaches for anomaly detection. Those approaches which do exist involve networks trained to perform a task other than anomaly detection, namely generative models or compression, which are in turn adapted for use in anomaly detection; they are not trained on an anomaly detection based objective. In this paper we introduce a new anomaly detection method—Deep Support Vector Data Description—, which is trained on an anomaly detection based objective. The adaptation to the deep regime necessitates that our neural network and training procedure satisfy certain properties, which we demonstrate theoretically. We show the effectiveness of our method on MNIST and CIFAR-10 image benchmark datasets as well as on the detection of adversarial examples of GTSRB stop signs.}, }, @inproceedings{anomaly_detection_medical, author = {{Wei}, Qi and {Ren}, Yinhao and {Hou}, Rui and {Shi}, Bibo and {Lo}, Joseph Y. and {Carin}, Lawrence}, title = "{Anomaly detection for medical images based on a one-class classification}", booktitle = {Medical Imaging 2018: Computer-Aided Diagnosis}, year = 2018, editor = {{Petrick}, Nicholas and {Mori}, Kensaku}, series = {Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series}, volume = {10575}, month = feb, eid = {105751M}, pages = {105751M}, doi = {10.1117/12.2293408}, adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SPIE10575E..1MW}, adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}, }, @article{anomaly_detection_defi, author = {Ul Hassan, Muneeb and Rehmani, Mubashir Husain and Chen, Jinjun}, journal = {IEEE Communications Surveys \& Tutorials}, title = {Anomaly Detection in Blockchain Networks: A Comprehensive Survey}, year = {2023}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {289-318}, keywords = {Blockchains;Anomaly detection;Security;Smart contracts;Privacy;Bitcoin;Tutorials;Blockchain;anomaly detection;fraud detection}, doi = {10.1109/COMST.2022.3205643}, } , @article{anomaly_detection_manufacturing, AUTHOR = {Oh, Dong Yul and Yun, Il Dong}, TITLE = {Residual Error Based Anomaly Detection Using Auto-Encoder in SMD Machine Sound}, JOURNAL = {Sensors}, VOLUME = {18}, YEAR = {2018}, NUMBER = {5}, ARTICLE-NUMBER = {1308}, URL = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1308}, PubMedID = {29695084}, ISSN = {1424-8220}, ABSTRACT = {Detecting an anomaly or an abnormal situation from given noise is highly useful in an environment where constantly verifying and monitoring a machine is required. As deep learning algorithms are further developed, current studies have focused on this problem. However, there are too many variables to define anomalies, and the human annotation for a large collection of abnormal data labeled at the class-level is very labor-intensive. In this paper, we propose to detect abnormal operation sounds or outliers in a very complex machine along with reducing the data-driven annotation cost. The architecture of the proposed model is based on an auto-encoder, and it uses the residual error, which stands for its reconstruction quality, to identify the anomaly. We assess our model using Surface-Mounted Device (SMD) machine sound, which is very complex, as experimental data, and state-of-the-art performance is successfully achieved for anomaly detection.}, DOI = {10.3390/s18051308}, }, @article{anomaly_detection_history, author = {F.Y. Edgeworth and}, title = {XLI. On discordant observations }, journal = {The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science}, volume = {23}, number = {143}, pages = {364--375}, year = {1887}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, doi = {10.1080/14786448708628471}, URL = { https://doi.org/10.1080/14786448708628471 }, eprint = { https://doi.org/10.1080/14786448708628471 }, }, @inproceedings{degradation_quantification_rain, author = {Zhang, Chen and Huang, Zefan and Ang, Marcelo H. and Rus, Daniela}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)}, title = {LiDAR Degradation Quantification for Autonomous Driving in Rain}, year = {2021}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {3458-3464}, keywords = {Degradation;Location awareness;Laser radar;Rain;Codes;System performance;Current measurement}, doi = {10.1109/IROS51168.2021.9636694}, }, article{deep_learning_overview, title = {Deep learning in neural networks: An overview}, journal = {Neural Networks}, volume = {61}, pages = {85-117}, year = {2015}, issn = {0893-6080}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0893608014002135}, author = {Jürgen Schmidhuber}, keywords = {Deep learning, Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning, Reinforcement learning, Evolutionary computation}, abstract = {In recent years, deep artificial neural networks (including recurrent ones) have won numerous contests in pattern recognition and machine learning. This historical survey compactly summarizes relevant work, much of it from the previous millennium. Shallow and Deep Learners are distinguished by the depth of their credit assignment paths, which are chains of possibly learnable, causal links between actions and effects. I review deep supervised learning (also recapitulating the history of backpropagation), unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning & evolutionary computation, and indirect search for short programs encoding deep and large networks.}, }, @article{autoencoder_survey, title = {A comprehensive survey on design and application of autoencoder in deep learning}, journal = {Applied Soft Computing}, volume = {138}, pages = {110176}, year = {2023}, issn = {1568-4946}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110176}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568494623001941}, author = {Pengzhi Li and Yan Pei and Jianqiang Li}, keywords = {Deep learning, Autoencoder, Unsupervised learning, Feature extraction, Autoencoder application}, abstract = {Autoencoder is an unsupervised learning model, which can automatically learn data features from a large number of samples and can act as a dimensionality reduction method. With the development of deep learning technology, autoencoder has attracted the attention of many scholars. Researchers have proposed several improved versions of autoencoder based on different application fields. First, this paper explains the principle of a conventional autoencoder and investigates the primary development process of an autoencoder. Second, We proposed a taxonomy of autoencoders according to their structures and principles. The related autoencoder models are comprehensively analyzed and discussed. This paper introduces the application progress of autoencoders in different fields, such as image classification and natural language processing, etc. Finally, the shortcomings of the current autoencoder algorithm are summarized, and prospected for its future development directions are addressed.}, }, article{semi_overview, author = {Yang, Xiangli and Song, Zixing and King, Irwin and Xu, Zenglin}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering}, title = {A Survey on Deep Semi-Supervised Learning}, year = {2023}, volume = {35}, number = {9}, pages = {8934-8954}, keywords = {Semisupervised learning;Training;Taxonomy;Task analysis;Deep learning;Data models;Supervised learning;Deep semi-supervised learning;semi-supervised learning;deep learning}, doi = {10.1109/TKDE.2022.3220219}, }, book{ai_fundamentals_book, title = {Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3972-7}, DOI = {10.1007/978-81-322-3972-7}, publisher = {Springer India}, author = {Chowdhary, K.R.}, year = {2020}, language = {en}, }, article{machine_learning_overview, title = {Machine Learning from Theory to Algorithms: An Overview}, volume = {1142}, ISSN = {1742-6596}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1142/1/012012}, DOI = {10.1088/1742-6596/1142/1/012012}, journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, author = {Alzubi, Jafar and Nayyar, Anand and Kumar, Akshi}, year = {2018}, month = nov, pages = {012012}, }, @article{machine_learning_first_definition, title = {Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers}, volume = {3}, ISSN = {0018-8646}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/rd.33.0210}, DOI = {10.1147/rd.33.0210}, number = {3}, journal = {IBM Journal of Research and Development}, publisher = {IBM}, author = {Samuel, A. L.}, year = {1959}, month = jul, pages = {210–229}, }, @inproceedings{bg_ad_pointclouds_scans, title = {Anomaly Detection in 3D Point Clouds using Deep Geometric Descriptors }, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WACV56688.2023.00264}, DOI = {10.1109/wacv56688.2023.00264}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)}, publisher = {IEEE}, author = {Bergmann, Paul and Sattlegger, David}, year = {2023}, month = jan, pages = {2612–2622}, }, @article{bg_ad_pointclouds_poles, title = {Automatic Detection and Classification of Pole-Like Objects in Urban Point Cloud Data Using an Anomaly Detection Algorithm}, volume = {7}, ISSN = {2072-4292}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs71012680}, DOI = {10.3390/rs71012680}, number = {10}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, publisher = {MDPI AG}, author = {Rodríguez-Cuenca, Borja and García-Cortés, Silverio and Ordóñez, Celestino and Alonso, Maria}, year = {2015}, month = sep, pages = {12680–12703}, }, @article{semi_ad_survey, title = {Semi-supervised anomaly detection algorithms: A comparative summary and future research directions}, volume = {218}, ISSN = {0950-7051}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2021.106878}, DOI = {10.1016/j.knosys.2021.106878}, journal = {Knowledge-Based Systems}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, author = {Villa-Pérez, Miryam Elizabeth and Álvarez-Carmona, Miguel Á. and Loyola-González, Octavio and Medina-Pérez, Miguel Angel and Velazco-Rossell, Juan Carlos and Choo, Kim-Kwang Raymond}, year = {2021}, month = apr, pages = {106878}, }, @inbook{bg_autoencoder_ad, title = {Outlier Detection with Autoencoder Ensembles}, ISBN = {9781611974973}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611974973.11}, DOI = {10.1137/1.9781611974973.11}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining}, publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics}, author = {Chen, Jinghui and Sathe, Saket and Aggarwal, Charu and Turaga, Deepak}, year = {2017}, month = jun, pages = {90–98}, }, @inproceedings{bg_autoencoder_ad_2, title = {Memorizing Normality to Detect Anomaly: Memory-Augmented Deep Autoencoder for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2019.00179}, DOI = {10.1109/iccv.2019.00179}, booktitle = {2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)}, publisher = {IEEE}, author = {Gong, Dong and Liu, Lingqiao and Le, Vuong and Saha, Budhaditya and Mansour, Moussa Reda and Venkatesh, Svetha and Van Den Hengel, Anton}, year = {2019}, month = oct, pages = {1705–1714}, }, @article{bg_autoencoder_lidar, title = {Deep Learning Approach for Building Detection Using LiDAR–Orthophoto Fusion}, volume = {2018}, ISSN = {1687-7268}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7212307}, DOI = {10.1155/2018/7212307}, journal = {Journal of Sensors}, publisher = {Wiley}, author = {Nahhas, Faten Hamed and Shafri, Helmi Z. M. and Sameen, Maher Ibrahim and Pradhan, Biswajeet and Mansor, Shattri}, year = {2018}, month = aug, pages = {1–12}, }, @article{lidar_denoising_survey, title = {LiDAR Denoising Methods in Adverse Environments: A Review}, volume = {25}, ISSN = {2379-9153}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2025.3526175}, DOI = {10.1109/jsen.2025.3526175}, number = {5}, journal = {IEEE Sensors Journal}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author = {Park, Ji-Il and Jo, SeungHyeon and Seo, Hyung-Tae and Park, Jihyuk}, year = {2025}, month = mar, pages = {7916–7932}, }, @inproceedings{lidar_subt_dust_removal, title = {Efficient Real-time Smoke Filtration with 3D LiDAR for Search and Rescue with Autonomous Heterogeneous Robotic Systems}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IECON51785.2023.10312303}, DOI = {10.1109/iecon51785.2023.10312303}, booktitle = {IECON 2023- 49th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society}, publisher = {IEEE}, author = {Kyuroson, Alexander and Koval, Anton and Nikolakopoulos, George}, year = {2023}, month = oct, pages = {1–7}, }, @article{lidar_denoising_dust, title = {Dust De-Filtering in LiDAR Applications With Conventional and CNN Filtering Methods}, volume = {12}, ISSN = {2169-3536}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3362804}, DOI = {10.1109/access.2024.3362804}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author = {Parsons, Tyler and Seo, Jaho and Kim, Byeongjin and Lee, Hanmin and Kim, Ji-Chul and Cha, Moohyun}, year = {2024}, pages = {22032–22042}, }, @inproceedings{lidar_errormodel_particles, author = {Mokrane, Hadj-Bachir and De Souza, Philippe and Nordqvist, P and Roy , N}, year = {2021}, month = {05}, pages = {}, title = {Modelling of LIDAR sensor disturbances by solid airborne particles}, }, @article{lidar_errormodel_automotive, title = {A Survey on Sensor Failures in Autonomous Vehicles: Challenges and Solutions}, volume = {24}, ISSN = {1424-8220}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24165108}, DOI = {10.3390/s24165108}, number = {16}, journal = {Sensors}, publisher = {MDPI AG}, author = {Matos, Francisco and Bernardino, Jorge and Durães, João and Cunha, João}, year = {2024}, month = aug, pages = {5108}, }, @article{lidar_errormodel_consensus, title = {Present and Future of SLAM in Extreme Environments: The DARPA SubT Challenge}, volume = {40}, ISSN = {1941-0468}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2023.3323938}, DOI = {10.1109/tro.2023.3323938}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Robotics}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author = {Ebadi, Kamak and Bernreiter, Lukas and Biggie, Harel and Catt, Gavin and Chang, Yun and Chatterjee, Arghya and Denniston, Christopher E. and Desch\^enes, Simon-Pierre and Harlow, Kyle and Khattak, Shehryar and Nogueira, Lucas and Palieri, Matteo and Petráček, Pavel and Petrlík, Matěj and Reinke, Andrzej and Krátký, Vít and Zhao, Shibo and Agha-mohammadi, Ali-akbar and Alexis, Kostas and Heckman, Christoffer and Khosoussi, Kasra and Kottege, Navinda and Morrell, Benjamin and Hutter, Marco and Pauling, Fred and Pomerleau, Fran\c{c} ois and Saska, Martin and Scherer, Sebastian and Siegwart, Roland and Williams, Jason L. and Carlone, Luca}, year = {2024}, pages = {936–959}, }, @article{when_the_dust_settles, title = {When the Dust Settles: The Four Behaviors of LiDAR in the Presence of Fine Airborne Particulates}, volume = {34}, ISSN = {1556-4967}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rob.21701}, DOI = {10.1002/rob.21701}, number = {5}, journal = {Journal of Field Robotics}, publisher = {Wiley}, author = {Phillips, Tyson Govan and Guenther, Nicky and McAree, Peter Ross}, year = {2017}, month = feb, pages = {985–1009}, }, @misc{odds, author = {Shebuti Rayana}, year = {2016}, title = {ODDS Library}, url = {https://odds.cs.stonybrook.edu}, institution = {Stony Brook University, Department of Computer Sciences}, }, @article{lenet, title = {Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition}, volume = {86}, ISSN = {0018-9219}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.726791}, DOI = {10.1109/5.726791}, number = {11}, journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author = {Lecun, Y. and Bottou, L. and Bengio, Y. and Haffner, P.}, year = {1998}, pages = {2278–2324}, }, article{ef_concept_source, title = {Multi-Year ENSO Forecasts Using Parallel Convolutional Neural Networks With Heterogeneous Architecture}, volume = {8}, ISSN = {2296-7745}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.717184}, DOI = {10.3389/fmars.2021.717184}, journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science}, publisher = {Frontiers Media SA}, author = {Ye, Min and Nie, Jie and Liu, Anan and Wang, Zhigang and Huang, Lei and Tian, Hao and Song, Dehai and Wei, Zhiqiang}, year = {2021}, month = aug, }, @article{ml_supervised_unsupervised_figure_source, title = {Virtual reality in biology: could we become virtual naturalists?}, volume = {14}, ISSN = {1936-6434}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12052-021-00147-x}, DOI = {10.1186/s12052-021-00147-x}, number = {1}, journal = {Evolution: Education and Outreach}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author = {Morimoto, Juliano and Ponton, Fleur}, year = {2021}, month = may, }, @article{ml_autoencoder_figure_source, title = "From Autoencoder to Beta-VAE", author = "Weng, Lilian", journal = "lilianweng.github.io", year = "2018", url = "https://lilianweng.github.io/posts/2018-08-12-vae/", }, @conference{bg_lidar_figure_source, title = "1D MEMS Micro-Scanning LiDAR", author = "Norbert Druml and Ievgeniia Maksymova and Thomas Thurner and Lierop, {D. van} and Hennecke, {Marcus E.} and Andreas Foroutan", year = "2018", month = sep, day = "16", language = "English", }, @book{deep_learning_book, title = {Deep Learning}, author = {Ian Goodfellow and Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville}, publisher = {MIT Press}, note = {\url{http://www.deeplearningbook.org}}, year = {2016}, }, @misc{mobilenet, doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.1704.04861}, url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04861}, author = {Howard, Andrew G. and Zhu, Menglong and Chen, Bo and Kalenichenko, Dmitry and Wang, Weijun and Weyand, Tobias and Andreetto, Marco and Adam, Hartwig}, keywords = {Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences}, title = {MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications}, publisher = {arXiv}, year = {2017}, copyright = {arXiv.org perpetual, non-exclusive license}, }, @inproceedings{shufflenet, title = {ShuffleNet: An Extremely Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile Devices}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00716}, DOI = {10.1109/cvpr.2018.00716}, booktitle = {2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, publisher = {IEEE}, author = {Zhang, Xiangyu and Zhou, Xinyu and Lin, Mengxiao and Sun, Jian}, year = {2018}, month = jun, }, @article{bg_svm, title = {Support-vector networks}, author = {Cortes, Corinna and Vapnik, Vladimir}, journal = {Machine learning}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {273--297}, year = {1995}, publisher = {Springer}, }, @article{bg_kmeans, author = {Lloyd, S.}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Information Theory}, title = {Least squares quantization in PCM}, year = {1982}, volume = {28}, number = {2}, pages = {129-137}, keywords = {Noise;Quantization (signal);Voltage;Receivers;Pulse modulation;Sufficient conditions;Stochastic processes;Probabilistic logic;Urban areas;Q measurement}, doi = {10.1109/TIT.1982.1056489}, }, @inproceedings{bg_dbscan, added-at = {2023-12-13T07:32:13.000+0100}, author = {Ester, Martin and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Sander, Jörg and Xu, Xiaowei}, biburl = { https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/279a9f3560daefa3775bd35543b4482e1/admin }, booktitle = {KDD}, crossref = {conf/kdd/1996}, editor = {Simoudis, Evangelos and Han, Jiawei and Fayyad, Usama M.}, ee = {http://www.aaai.org/Library/KDD/1996/kdd96-037.php}, interhash = {ba33e4d6b4e5b26bd9f543f26b7d250a}, intrahash = {79a9f3560daefa3775bd35543b4482e1}, isbn = {1-57735-004-9}, keywords = {}, pages = {226-231}, publisher = {AAAI Press}, timestamp = {2023-12-13T07:32:13.000+0100}, title = {A Density-Based Algorithm for Discovering Clusters in Large Spatial Databases with Noise.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/kdd/kdd96.html#EsterKSX96}, year = 1996, }, @article{bg_pca, author = { Karl Pearson F.R.S. }, title = {LIII. 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